考証 五 半跏思惟 ①
少ない資料で断定出来ないが、初期紀年経AD427年記に阿耨多羅三
三菩提という成句が見られる願経がある。
資料③優婆塞戒巻第七 六朝写経集・二玄社
問題は鳩摩羅什が経典の漢訳に携ったこの時期から前、つまりAD400年以前の経典に阿耨多羅三三菩提の成
資料⑦摩呵般若波羅蜜守空品第十七 六朝写経集・二玄社
正真正銘の悟りの経典であるという訳経僧の矜恃――阿耨多羅三三菩提、これと同じような意味を持った いか。そこには仏教東漸に併い、天山の麓、或は砂漠の厳しい自然環境に生きた人々の強靭な精神性を感じる。
例えば、阿耨の「耨」、田畑の土を鋤で柔かくする意味をもつが「耒」は草を切る三ツ又のすきであり、「
考証 五 半跏思惟 ②
もし仏教が伝わる以前の中国に「」という字が見当たらないならば、字の成り立ちからいって、その作字
仏教が中国に伝わった初期、漢訳に携わった訳僧は多い。その中でもキジル国生まれの鳩摩羅什は巫覡の風
／Ｍ
ＵＫＵＮ」に詫して「
／ＭＫＵ」を作字、「三
」と漢訳したにちがいない。資料②はその最も
」は彼の舌根不焼の一字であったのかもしれない。
よしんば、金文、篆書にその字があったとしても、彼はその字をよく拾ったものだ、ミャクに当たる音訳の字
供養菩薩・第２６３窟 北魏(386～534)
顔や体に太く残る濃い線は立体感を表現する為の暈染(ｳﾝｾﾞﾝ)、或いは畳暈(ｼﾞｮｳｳﾝ)[重ねぼかし塗り]の技法が変色したという解説であったが、あながちそればかりではない何かがあるのだろう。
壁画は供養菩薩の群像が思い思いの手振りで弥勒菩薩に対する敬虔な様を表しているという。
供養菩薩は形を変えた巫覡(ﾌｹﾞｷ)の姿をしのばせる。
ウイグル婦人供養図第６１窟 五代 宋
中国敦煌壁画展・毎日新聞社
貴婦人の目の下の茶褐色のくまどりはチャームポイントが多少変色してそれらしく見えるとはいえ北魏遊牧民シャーマンの名残りであろうか、又手に持つお盆の供花は、少し大振りで黄色くはないが、キンポウゲ科の多年草か、五弁には描かれていないが、花とウマノアシガタの名の葉形が似ている。
ウマノアシガタ(馬の足形) キンポウゲ科
キンポウゲ科の殆どには、種や球根にアコニチン・ﾔパコニチン等の猛毒成分が含まれています。
アコニチンは胃の粘膜から素早く吸収され、興奮・嘔吐・呼吸困難・舌の麻痺後に手足指と麻痺が進みます。
そして、わずか0.002g～0.004gを食べると、口から泡をふいて瞳孔が散大、視聴覚に異常をきたし呼吸困難後死亡します。
資料②法華経如来神力品断片 大東洋美術展・読売新聞社
考証 五 半跏思惟 ③
では、誰がどのような理由で「･ｺﾝ」を「藐・ﾎﾞｳ」と置きかえたか、中国仏教史に詳しい方なら分かるかもしれな
資料⑧ 欧陽詢・般若波羅蜜多心経 三井氏聴冰閣旧蔵本
楷書の聖典、九成宮醴泉銘を書いた欧陽詢の書の特徴は不即不離、くっつき合わないがそれでいて離れない
当時流行していた般若心経の手本を書くとき、通は父詢の書風を踏まえて写経した。その書き出しで何より
その時、欧陽通はミャクとは読みづらい「」という字の不思議さに気付き、或は誰かの示唆があったのか 、人間の魂が肉体を離れ、草ばの陰で漂う様子、人魂が真実を暗示するその文字を採用したのは盛唐長安に住
ところで、さとりとよこしま、或は大涅槃と巫呪、これほどの大問題を一書家が勝手に書き替えられること
資料⑨ 王義之集字聖教序(６７２年建立)石碑
碑身は高さ３５０ｃｍ、幅１１３ｃｍ。
碑文は行書３０行、行ごとの字数は８５～８６字です。
唐の高宗の咸亨(かんこう)3年(６７２)に当時の都長安(現西安市)の弘福寺に建てられました。
2003
|
H15.5.15
|
T.Tarumi
|
半跏思惟 精霊送り
① 人が死ぬと人魂がとぶ。その執着を離れ、念を払うのは古代、巫であり、覡であ った。巫覡は結界を敷いて
仏教東漸に伴い、巫覡の大神呪は天地神明の正覚として、また供花キンポウゲ・「毛莨」から「」の字が
② 人が死ぬと人魂がただよう。草ばのかげ、薮の中でぼうと光る燐発光のその形は人の生死を超越した不滅の
③ ところで ●深夜人魂がただようて大涅槃と言えるのか。
非僧非俗―鳩摩羅什（AD413年没）
●いや、巫覡の大神呪はあやふい。
唯識論 ―玄奘（AD664年没）
④ ――三国六朝のごろにはいろいろな偏や旁について違った書き方があらわれ、漢字にもさまざまな異体字が生
⑤ 今、漢和字典に「」の活字体はない。俗字として排斥されている。しかし、用字の根源をたどってみると
寧ろ「藐」の使用のほうが不吉であり、非科学的ですらある。
それゆえ、「」の漢和字典への復帰と仏典での使用に於て何らかの説明がなされてもよいのではないかと
国宝平家納経 廣島県立美術館
平清盛坐像 六波羅蜜寺蔵
2003
|
H15.5.15
|
T.Tarumi
|
考証①へ
考証②へ
考証③へ
考証④へ
考証⑤へ
考証⑥へ
考証⑦へ
考証五ハンカシユイ①
Sit and think with legs
crossed５-①
(Historical Study)
I cannot make sure because there are few available data. There exist
Prayer Holy sutra in which the phrase Anokutara-Sanmyaku-Sanbodai,meaning
attained supreme enlightenment is written, and in the sutra the ideograph KON
is used.
It is The 7th Chapter of Ubasokukai Scroll.(Hokuryou)
(please refer to the attached material No.3. )Material of the paper is not
known. One line consists of 21 characters. Before fixed form of using 17
characters, there is a characteristic used on the wooden plate which was found
in Dunhuang 300 years before.
I am bewildered to appreciate because the scripture is both too skilled
in simplified form and square form. At that time, there was a tendency of
switching from square from to simplified form.
Ubasoku(upasaka) means a ordinary Buddhist who is not professional
Buddhist, such as a monk. In this scripture, a general and his 500 soldiers
reached Tosotsuten(Tusita), fourth stage of desire world of Buddhism by their
benevolence and merit ,and after five billion seven hundred sixty million
years, made a wish to go down to the man’s world together with
Mirokubosatsu(Maitreya), or Goddess of mercy , (at the time became Buddha),and
attained enlightenment. This was given notified by professional monk named
Samondouyou who received Scripture translated by Donnmashin in a letter and was
contracted to spread Buddhism and made people do good deeds.
The scripture was written 14 years after the death of Kumarajiva, translator of Buddhist scripture who
translated from Sanskrit to Chinese. and 5 years after the fall of the later
Han dynasty when the place for translation by Kumarajiva existed.
The problem lies in the fact that it is impossible to find the
phrase of Anokutara-Sanmyaku-Sanbodai,
meaning attained supreme enlightenment, in the sutra written in the period when
Kumarajiva translated sutras from Sanskrit to Chinese, in other word sutra
written in 400AD.
Jikuhougo, who was active translator 100 years before Kumarajiva, and
was given honorary title of Goddess of mercy of Dunhuang, is said to have
translated 309 volumes of 154 sutras.
The word of admiration of attainment of genuine enlightenment could not
be found in the Sutra of Makahannya-haramitsu-shukuubon No.17(refer to the
attached data No.7 when the saint published translation in 308AD. It goes
without saying that there are words which is not complete, and it is impossible
to find the phrase in other sutras.
The fact that it is a sutra of attainment of genuine enlightenment is
pride of translator, that is phrase
of Anokutara-Sanmyaku-Sanbodai,meaning
attained supreme enlightenment
I wonder if there was the phrase like this in the Chinese doctrines
before. There was a doctrine which tried to spread morality or right deeds. I
cannot recall the word of expressing the highest stage like absolutism or
omnipotence
If the phrase came out of the dancing or singing of ordinary people of
I can feel a man strong spirit
who has lived at the foot of
For example the Ideograph NOKU(耨)of ANOKU(阿耨), the ideograph
means to make the field arable by using a plow, and the radical RAISUKI(耒 ) means a three-pronged plow, and the radical JYOKU(辱) means the shape of clams with hand, and the radical SHIN(辰) means a soft clam ranging in fresh water, and by adding the radical KOROMO(衣) makes the Ideograph JOKU(褥) and, SANJYOKU(産褥) means a soft carpet. The thing came out
of the Ideograph(辱), which means to
humiliate or to feel grateful for, is life which was born protected by amnion
and amniotic fluid.
I think it is natural and reasonable that the word ANOKU(阿耨) was translated into a Chinese meaning
sublime.考証五ハンカシユイ②
Sit and think with legs
crossed５-②
（Historical Study）
If it is impossible to find the ideograph KON( ) in the period before Buddhism was
introduced to China, the person who coined the word must be a man who knows the
customs of shamans who hold a funeral
for the dead, among translators of Buddhism,very well, judging from the fact
that how the word was formed in the
period of three-kingdom, Shin dynasty and South-north dynasty( from 220AD to
589AD).
By the way, concerning the phrase GYATEI-GYATEI-HARA- GYATEI, or walk and walk till
arriving at the world of ideal enlightenment, which is recited as sacred word,
ideographs GYA(羯竭掲) , TEI(帝諦), HA(波) and RA(羅) have common characteristics which had
come from the life of northern nomadic tribes .
There are many monks who dedicated themselves in translating from
Sanskrit to Chinese in the early period when Buddhism was introduced to
It has a common characteristics of freeing oneself from adherence and
overcoming man’s agony like shaman’s sincere eyes. And buttercup(Ranunculus)
was offered when transferring the dead men.
He must have coined the word KON(), and translated into Chinese, SANMYAKU(三) because the appearance of the prayer
of a Shaman was represented by the flower buttercup(Ranunculus ). There is a
common radical MOUKON(毛) in the
Chinese word in SANMYAKU(三)
. (material② is a part of
scripture of Hokkeko-Nyorai-Jinrikibon which was trantlated by Kumarajiva and
supposed to be the olded )
And he made HANNYA-HARAMITA devine truth, the highest stages of
Buddhism, manifestation of truth of the sutra
Although he was given honorary tile of nation’s abbot by later shin
dynasty, he was confined and had a life devoted by 10 beautiful women, he had a
hard feeling because he lived neither secular nor religious life. Just as The
pedestal he intentionally chose and sat on was poisonous buttercup(Ranunculus)
which is perennial plant, The ideograph of KON()MYAKU must have been one word of his
passion. Even if there had existed in inscription on a metal or kind of
ideograph dictionary, he had persistently picked up the ideograph. There are
other ideograph that has the same sound as MYAKU.
考証五ハンカシユイ③
Sit and think with legs
crossed５-③
(Historical Study)
Then who replaced the word KON() with the word BOU(藐) and on
what reason?
People who are well-informed about the history of Buddhism in
The characteristic of the works written by OUYOU-JUN who wrote
KYUSEIKYU-REISEN-MEI, kind of holy bible for writing KAISHO or square and right
style of writing, is FUSOKU-FURI style. Words do not stick together and do not separate
each other.
DOUINBOUSHI-HI, stone inscription of the
Buddhist law by the master of Buddhism, by OUYOU-TSU and SENDANSEI-BOSHI-MEI,
the inscription on the SENDANSEI’s tombstone are bold KAISHO style. Both are slight different in style, but both are
example to follow in KAISHO style in
WhenOUYOU-TSUwrote an example of writing HANNYA-SHINGYO sutra which was popular for
people those days, he made transcript keeping his father JUN’s way of writing
in mind.
At the beginning of the writing, there is something unnatural more than
anything else, that is ,the fact that at the beginning of the sutra, country’s
name and name of example or transcript is written. Why did people had such practice? I think it might be the
emphasis that this sutra writing is by ‘an example’ written by OUYOU-JUN of
Great Tang Empire in touch.
OYOU-TSU compared OGISHI ,very well-known virtuoso in writing in east
Shin dynasty(265-420AD), to his father who was first-class calligrapher in Tang
dynasty when he was alive, he looked on OGISHI’s SEIKYO-JOHI, holy sutra
inscription on the stone by OGISHI as his rival in mind. It is no wonder that
OUYOU-TSU tried to do what abbot Ennin who was well-known as a calligraphy
saint in Tang dynasty had accomplished. Or it seems to be an act of memorial
service to his father.
OGISHI was a general of a best part of the army, OUYOU-JUN who was a
father of OUYOU-TSU took the position of
KYUJICHU which was an important post and like a highest counselor to the
Emperor. SEIKYO-JOHI written by OGISHI style was very well-known as a
masterpiece written in the GYOSHO-style(a simplified ideograph), whereas OU
family wrote in KYAISHO-style.(a right ideograph style)
At that time OUYOU-TSU found out the mystery of the word KON() which is hard to have a sound of MYAKU,
replaced the word KON() with BOU(藐) , or someone had suggested to
do so.
It is not shaman for whom psychic pray for happiness in other world and
his KON () , BOU(藐) has a form of enlightenment, the
situation in which the soul of a man depart from a physical body and stay
floating in other world. It seems that it was Chinese people who lived in prosperous
Chang-an in Tang dynasty and their astute observation of the nature and
realistic choice that adopted the ideograph which man’s soul insinuated the reality. At that time, as a policy of the nation,
sorting out right ideograph from incorrect ideograph which was popularly used.
Suppose it was the works of OUYO-TSU when he was 60 years old, it was written
in 686AD.
By the way, enlightenment and evil or DAINEHAN(Nirvana or enlightenment) and FUJU(malediction), It is impossible for a calligrapher to replace the word which contains a great meaning like this. Genjo-Sanzo translated great many Buddhist sutra into Chinese and changed the HANNYA-HARAMITSU-DAIMYOJU-KYO sutra into ‘SHINGYO’ which literally means ‘heat’s sutra’
At the time when Buddhist sutra was
regarded as a great treasure as a mind sutra, the meaning of praying happiness
for the dead or holding memorial service had changed to a kind of service that
involves enlightenment for those who do memorial service. It was not pure
desire to the Maitreya. It had became a devotion t o Amida Buddha which teaches
the attitude of mind that lead to GOKURAKU-JODO, Sukuhavati, or heaven.
SAN-MYAKU-SANBODAI might have been a natural result as time passed.
Intrinsically I want to believe that Genjo-Sanzo replaced the word when he
completed six hundred volumes of DAIHANNYA-HARAMITA-SINGYO sutra in 663 AD. ButI cannot understand the reason why the word KON() was used in OGISHI-SHUJI-SEIKYO-NO-JOHI
mind sutra, a stone monument of which ideographs were collected in OGISHI style
in honor of the works of Genjo-Sanzo who translated many Buddhist sutras from
Sanscrit to Chinese (refer to the attached material NO.9)Genjo-Sanzo died eight years before the stone monument of the sutra
was completed.
Sit and think with legs
crossed Sending of the spirit of the
dead
①When people dies , a small bluish-white fireball(corpse candle) flies in the air. It was shamans who drive away the will of the sprit of dead to adhere in this world in the ancient times. Shamans confined themselves in the certain area, recited invocation and had under their eyes tattooed( scratched a ideograph or radical(目＋ヒ)with a small knife to drive away devils. People dedicated a poisonous flower buttercup(Ranunculus). The name of the flower is written in a Chinese character「毛莨（++＋目＋ヒ）」in which the same radical as above is used.
In the 5th century AD, as
Buddhism was introduced to the east, shaman’s incantation of truth preformed as
absolutely right enlightenment and from the flower buttercup(Ranunculus)「毛莨 」,the ideograph「」was coined and in the Buddhist sutra, Sanmyaku-Sanbodai, meaning
perfect enlightenment, was translated from Sanscrit , in which the word Myaku
was used.
②When people dies , a small bluish-white fireball(corpse candle) floats in the air. There must be an eternal truth which transcend life and death in a small bluish-white fireball which shimmers vaguely from under the tombstone or in the bush.
The spirit of the dead floats and wanders, and Ideograph meaning the spirit of the dead is BOU(藐). And BOU was used in expressing something right in the Buddhist sutra as Sannmyaku which was translated from Sanscrit in the 7th century AD. Thereafter ideograph KON has been regarded as wicked and incorrect word, and has been excluded because people has been taught it is better not to use the ideograph
③By the way, * is it possible to say that nirvana( the state of peace and happiness) can be attained when corpse candle floats in the air at midnight?
Kumarajiva who was neither professional monk nor layman(died in 413AD)
*Shaman’s incantation of the truth is obscure, it depends on the attitude of life of the individual people
Theory of vijanapti-matrata(recognition) Genjo-sanzo (died in 664AD )
⑤There is not
the word KON() in printing in a
dictionary of Chinese characters(explained in Japanese) and has been excluded
because it is regarded as incorrect word. But when I consider the etymology of
the word KON() , It is impossible to
declare that the word KON() is the
word of bad omen and word that smacks of devil. I can feel the sincere and
earnest feeling that people at that times had toward the dead, and I feel sad.
I would rather think that the use of the word BOU(藐) is more sinister and unscientific. Although the doctrine of Buddhism of various sects today are valuable and rational, in reality there are many things that shamans performs and devotion to Buddhism is not possible without following it blindly.
Therefore I think that it would be better that the word KON ()ould be put in the dictionary of Chinese characters(explained in Japanese) again and there should be some explanation when the word is used in Buddhist sutra. If not, Heike-nokyo sutra wanders in the depths of bad omen, and it is not possible for the Heike clan who sank in the sea of Dannoura in
March 1185 and clear the sorrow of Kiyomori( the head of Taira clan). And I
wonder what to explain to the innocent, good people who practice calligraphy
and make a transcription of the Buddhist sutra now.
